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A synthesizer is a kind of electronic musical instrument, or electronic device capable of producing or manipulating audio tones, such as musical notes, through audio signal processing. The term originates from the Greek word Syntithetai. One of the main features of synthesizers is that they work by manipulating electrical signals, which appear as sound when they are used to drive audio amplifiers. Music synthesizers sometimes include a keyboard, which remind us of certain traditional musical instruments.

There are three major kinds of synthesizers depending on the different features of synthesizers

Analog

Digital

Software

In addition there are synthesizers that rely upon combinations of those three kinds, known as hybrid synthesizers having a different set of features of synthesizers. Analog synthesizers were the first to be created and developed. After that, came the digital synthesizers. Both analog and digital synthesizers use the same kinds of synthesis methods. These methods are used especially for frequency modulation and phase modulation. Some of the methods are stated below

Subtractive synthesis

Additive synthesis

Frequency modulation synthesis

Phase distortion synthesis

Sample based synthesis

Sub harmonic synthesis

Granular synthesis

Wavetable synthesis

Early features of synthesizers include using the technology derived from electronic analog computers, laboratory test equipment, and early electronic musical instruments.

Brief features of Analog synthesizers

An analog synthesizer is a synthesizer that uses analog circuits and analog computer techniques to generate sound electronically. A very common point among the features of synthesizers of this kind is circuit component; it is the operational amplifier which is a kind of integrated circuit in most of the analog synthesizers. An analog synthesizer could be used both as a sound generating and sound processing system. A very specialized form of analog synthesizer was the analog vocoder, based on equipment developed for speech synthesis. Synthesizer modules found in early analog synthesizers included:

VCO or voltage controlled oscillators

VCF or voltage controlled filters

VCA or voltage controlled amplifiers

Envelope Generators

LFO or low frequency oscillators

Ring Modulators

Sequencers

Some facts about Digital synthesizers

As technology advanced into the digital domain, the new digital technology started coming up in their new designs. Analog synthesizers were mostly replaced by digital synthesizers and samplers over the early mid 1980s. Gradually the voltage controlled analog synthesizers circuits were replaced by microprocessor controlled digital circuits.

The digital synthesizers have advanced features of synthesizers. They have a completely different and advanced sound clarity, since their internal sounds are stored in memory as arrays of numbers. The first breed of digital synthesizers had a much more slick and clean design where the user could program the instrument using a menu driven operating system. One of the first real time polyphonic digital music synthesizers was the Coupland Digital Music Synthesizer.

Basic modules of synthesizers

Three most important modules shaping the features of synthesizers are

The Oscillators

A simple oscillator can create one or two basic waveforms. They are saw tooth wave and a square wave. These waveforms are very simple and completely artificial.

The Filters

A filter is an electronic circuit, which works by smoothing out the edges of the original waveform. Synthesizers use filters to vary the basic waveforms to some extent.

The Amplifiers

The amplifiers can raise, or lower the height of the waveform, thereby raising or lowering the volume of the sound. To control the volume of a sound in the synthesizer, the signal is passed through an amplifier circuit.

Conclusion

Synthesizers were developed in the early twentieth century. It has advanced remarkably in time and has attained a distinguishable position in the music industry. It has now become an indispensable part of every music concert.



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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument designed to produce electronically generated sound, using techniques such as additive, subtractive, FM, physical modeling synthesis, or phase distortion. In most conventional synthesizers, recordings of real instruments can be considered to be composed of several components for purposes of resynthesis. To know the secrets of a synthesizer, one should start with the basics of a synthesizer.

Simple basics of understanding a synthesizer

Synthesizers create sounds through direct manipulation of electrical voltages, mathematical manipulation of discrete values using computers or by a combination of both methods. The synthesized sound is contrasted with recording of natural sound, where the mechanical energy of a sound wave is transformed into a signal which will then be converted back to mechanical energy on playback To know the secrets of a synthesizer we must know some of the basics of synthesizers. These may be categorized as follows

Sound basics

When natural tonal instruments’ sounds are analyzed in the frequency domain, the spectra of tonal instruments exhibit amplitude peaks at the harmonics. These harmonics’ frequencies are primarily located close to the integer multiples of the tone’s fundamental frequency.

Overview of popular synthesis methods

One of the easiest synthesis methods is to record a real instrument as a digitized waveform, and then play back its recordings at different speeds to produce different tones. This is one of the open secrets of a synthesizer now-a-days.

Synthesizer basics

There are two major kinds of synthesizers, analog and digital. There are also many different kinds of synthesis methods, each applicable to both analog and digital synthesizer. These are

Subtractive synthesis

Additive synthesis

Granular synthesis

Wavetable synthesis

Frequency modulation synthesis

Phase distortion synthesis

Physical modeling synthesis

Sampling

Sub harmonic synthesis

The start of the analog synthesizer era

The first electric musical synthesizer was invented in 1876 by Elisa Gray. Early synthesizers used technology derived from electronic analog computers, laboratory test equipment, and early electronic musical instruments.

Homemade synthesizers

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, it became relatively easy for one to build their own synthesizer. Designs were published in hobby electronics magazines and complete kits were supplied by some companies. This overall marketing became one of the secrets of a synthesizer becoming popular.

Electronic organs vs. synthesizers

In modern electronic organs, electronic oscillators serve to produce the sine waves. Organs tend to use fairly simple formant filters to effect changes to the oscillator tone automation and modulation tend to be limited to simple vibrato. Whereas, analog synthesizers produce their sound using subtractive synthesis. In this method, a waveform rich in overtones, usually a saw-tooth or pulse wave, is produced by an oscillator.

Secrets of a synthesizer

While buying synthesizers one should look for those little secrets of a synthesizer about the instrument. This will help to make the right choice and save money as well.

First if the synthesizer is required for studio works then the professionals may go for a modular one. Modular synthesizers are one of the oldest types of synthesizers around, as well as being one of the most expensive and interesting. These types are not for amateur artists and it is not portable.

For all other musicians Digital synthesizers are more accepted instrument. The digital synthesizers have a completely different sound clarity, since their internal sounds are stored in memory as arrays of numbers. The first affordable digital synthesizer to reach the masses was the Yamaha DX7.

There may be numerous synthesizers available in the market, but to choose the right one which fits in your purpose and budget will make it worth buying.



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Synthesizers are sound modifying and reproducing units. They can be either installed on a computer system or be physical like the classical synthesizers produced by Yamaha. Synthesizers help in modifying music to make it better, reproduce voice or analyze and come up with a completely different thing all together from the original.

There are 2 basic kinds of synthesizers: analog and digital. Many synthesis methods however exist which apply to both the above types of synthesizers. All these methods tend to be mathematically related for example, frequency modulation and phase modulation. Some of these types are Subtractive synthesis, Additive synthesis, granular synthesis and wavetable synthesis.

The first true electronic musical synthesizer was invented by Relish Gray in 1876. While working at his telephone invention, Gray discovered that he could control sound from a self vibrating electromagnetic circuit and in doing so invented a basic single note oscillator. After this, synthesizers were controlled by early electronic analog computers and old electronic musical instruments. In 1950, RCA produced experimental devices to synthesize both voice and music. The giant Mark II Music Synthesizer could however synthesize only when it was programmed for a musical or voice performance.

Most modern synthesizers are however digital in nature. They are controlled by what is known as a digital signal processor or DSP. Some digital synthesizers are software that can modify sound using our daily computer machines.

The earliest digital synthesis was performed by software installed on huge main frame computers. Today, various complicated software exist that use the DSP technique to give you a taste of the real thing. They can even reproduce the classical analog synthesizers.

So how are synthesizers used? Well, in many ways. As modern technology evolved, uses have been found for synthesizers. Today synthesis is used to produce high quality music, movies and even voice packages. Groups as early as the Beatles used synthesis techniques in their work. They were followed by the hugely popular Pink Floyd.

Synthesizers are today used also to produce human simulated speech for call centers and multinational companies. People with visual impairments use this technology through a text to speech software that gives them access to modern computers making them independent. Dictation software like the Dragon naturally speaking also uses speech synthesis.

So how do synthesizers reproduce human voice? Voice synthesis is a fascinating topic. A recorded sample of a human voice can be modified so that it is completely different from the original. The sample can be used to generate codes that can be fed into a computer system to give it a voice. In movies, voice modification is done through digital synthesizers to give new and astounding speech to sci fi characters.

Synthesizers are a part of us today. They help us in every aspect of our lives. Starting from your washing machine to the latest robotics every one uses some form of synthesis with the help of digital synthesizing software. Musical instruments can be reproduced on your personal computer allowing you to become the next great artist without even learning to play. They can simulate and reproduce human voice allowing for great software like screen readers, speech recognition and other new and amazing packages.



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You want to play synthesizer? Want to learn the instrument from your home? No problem. Online learning of keyboard music synthesizers is possible now.

Keyboard music synthesizer is a nice instrument. It is very good for learning the basics of keyboards. It is very user friendly. It includes a full octave keyboard, with various brilliant effects.

Online learning of keyboard music synthesizers has become very easy nowadays. There are lots of websites available for that. But they have got some rules and regulations. You just need to visit their website and read those carefully. You may have to register your name. Then download the lessons. Obviously step by step. First download the easy lessons. Downloading the tough lesson will not help you anyway.

You will find their instructions about the learning process. Just follow them. You need to be very careful while reading the lessons. You will not find any one who can give you a practical lesson. You make one small mistake to understand the lesson and it can ruin your whole lesson.

The best thing about online learning of keyboard music synthesizers is that you can gather all the lessons by sitting at your home. You do not need to go anywhere. All the facilities are just one mouse click away. You will even find a varied range of notations of different songs. You can take those and practice. It will help you to achieve the perfection.

Another thing, which makes the online process exclusive, is the tips from the professionals. A lot of famous synthesizer players often give various valuable suggestions on various sites. These suggestions will help you to understand the lessons properly.

This process is very effective. But it will not give you any practical knowledge. To gather that, you need to play what you have learned. Do not only take the lessons. Practice them at your home regularly. The more you practice, the more you will be perfect on your playing.

If you practice daily, then you will be able to learn your lessons fast. And if you learn your lesson fast, then you will be able to move on to your next lesson very soon.

Although the online process of keyboard music synthesizers is pretty good; but it will be more effective if you also consult some books. There are many books available that will help you to enhance your knowledge.

You can even sit for the practical exam from your home. You do not have to go anywhere. Just fill up a small form online and send them to the proper address. All you have to do is, just pay the examination fee. And after this you will be able to give the exam online.

And you will not have to move a thing. They will take every hassle. They will send you the question paper, they will check your copy and even send you the result.

Online learning of keyboard music synthesizers is not that tough. The online instructions are very lucidly written and you will not find any problem to understand them. So do not worry. Just go ahead and give this new system a chance.



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Synthesizers are electronic instruments, which are capable of delivering a varied range of sounds. Synthesizers are of different types. Synthesizers have changed its look with time. Vintage synthesizers were far more different from the modern synthesizers. Synthesizers of old times were big and they did not offer so many facilities like today.

Elisa Gray invented the first synthesizer in 1876. It was called the musical telegraph at that time. The invention of this instrument happened accidentally. Elisa Grey was also the inventor of telephone. He used a telephone technology to invent this instrument.

Once he suddenly discovered that sound can be controlled from a self-vibrating electromagnetic circuit. And from this he invented a single note oscillator.

After this some other synthesizers were also invented. The vintage synthesizers derived their technology from the early musical instruments, analogue computer and some laboratory test instrument.

In 1937 Ivor Darreg created one microtonal electronic keyboard oboe. After this Evgeny Murzin created an ANS synthesizer. A big Mark 2 Music Synthesizer was invented in 1958. It was kept at the Columbia Princeton Electronic Music center located in New York. The paradox with this synthesizer was it could only be played after preparing the full programming of the machine. There was a vacuum tube system. It had to be manually used, while creating any kind of new sound.

In 1958 Daphne Oram too made a synthesizer. It was made at BBC radio phonic Workshop. She used a technique called Oramics technique to make this instrument. BBC used this synthesizer for several years.

In the late 1940s and early 50s different automated music controllers were invented. Raymond Scott, John Hanert, Hugh Le Caine and some others invented these kinds of controllers.

By 1960, modified synthesizers were invented. They could be played at real time. But they were so big that they had to be confined inside the sound studio. Vintage synthesizers were basically made of modular devices. They were not as much updated as the modern synthesizers. They did not have many features. They normally had the piano tone. Some other tones were also available, but there were not much of them.

Vintage synthesizers were very experimental. Actually they were devices, which were made specially. The mechanics were very much dependent on the concept of modularity. Robert Moog invented a synthesizer, which was a big hit at that time. This synthesizer was very much useful for the pop musicians. The best thing about this instrument was that it was smaller than the previous ones and it looked more like an instrument than a machine.

Micky Dolenz of the band The Monkees was the first one to buy this synthesizer. They used this instrument in their fourth album, which was called Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn and Jones Ltd. This album was released in 1967. This was the first album that featured a synthesizer. The instrument became an instant hit after the release of this album.

As time moved on new experiment started taking place on synthesizers. And as a result, their new models were made. These modern ones are far more upgraded than the older ones. But we shall not forget that the vintage synthesizers were the first that paved the way to these new ones. And for that reason, we shall always remember them.



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The range of Moog synthesizers was invented by Dr. Robert Moog around 1966. These synthesizers are large modular ones with quite a few distinct modules connected together by several patch cords, which would route sounds created by oscillators through a set-up of filters and effects. This structure enables the instrument to provide unprecedented flexibility in sound design thereby making the Moog Synthesizer an icon of electronic music culture.

In this decidedly digital age, more and more contemporary musicians and rockers are rediscovering the analog sounds of the Moog synthesizer. Dr. Robert Moog, the inventor started the company Moog Music, initially known as R.A. Moog Co. that manufactured and marketed these synthesizers.

The first Moog instruments were modular synthesizers. In 1971 Moog Music began production of the Minimoog Model D that was among the first extensively available, handy and relatively inexpensive synthesizers. The Moog synthesizers were designed in collaboration with the composers Herbert A. Deutsch, and Wendy Carlos.

Another feather in the cap of the Moog range of synthesizers was the Taurus bass pedal synthesizer that came in 1975. Much like the organ pedals its pedals triggered synthetic bass sounds. The Taurus was known for a “fat” bass sound and was used by the bands Genesis, Rush, Electric Light Orchestra, Yes, Pink Floyd and many others. The modern version of it is known as the Taurus II.

According to the American Physical Society, “The first live performance of a music synthesizer was made by pianist Paul Bley at Lincoln Center in New York City on December 26, 1969. Bley developed a proprietary interface that allowed real-time performance on the music synthesizer.”

The Moog synthesizer reached its first zenith of popularity in the late 1960s with the success of Carlos’ Switched-On Bach. Actually Wendy Carlos’s 1968 album “Switched-On Bach,” a collection of synthesized interpretations of Bach classics, was the synthesizer’s first commercial success, selling more than 1 million copies. It enthused other musicians and bands to follow suit and accordingly many albums tried to get the name of Moog incorporated into their album names as well, for example Country Moog Classics, Martin Denny’s Exotic Moog, etc.

In the present day several Moog products can still be purchased, such as Moogerfoogers, Little Phatty, and Minimoogs. In fact the Minimoog is very popular as they sell for over US$3000 on online auction sites on a regular basis.

In spite of the fact that the Moog Music created so much uproar in the electronic music industry with the Moog synthesizer, yet it failed to survive for long. Later companies like the Arp and Roland took up the onus on themselves to continue in the lines of the Moog as they developed the instrument and came up with other prototypes. As days passed the Moog became all the more sophisticated and affordable.

The last Moog synthesizers were manufactured in 1985 before the original Moog Music declared bankruptcy in 1986. By the mid 1990s, analog synthesizers were again highly sought after and prized for their classic sound. In 2001, Robert Moog’s company Big Briar was able to acquire the rights to the Moog name and officially became Moog Music. Moog Music has been producing the Minimoog Voyager modeled after the original Minimoog since 2002. As of 2006, more than 15 companies are making Moog-style synthesizer modules.



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The most commonly used electronic instruments are synthesizers, so-called because they artificially generate sound using techniques such as additive, subtractive, FM and physical modeling synthesis to create sounds. Synthesizers are used for the composition of electronic music and in live performance.

A brief history

The first electronic sound synthesizer, an instrument of awesome dimensions, was developed by the American acoustical engineers Harry Olson and Herbert Belar in 1955 at the Radio Corporation of America laboratories at Princeton, N.J. The information was fed to the synthesizer encoded on a punched paper tape. It was designed for research into the properties. Dr. Robert Moog introduced the first practical commercial modern music synthesizer with his Moog synthesizer. This instrument used a series of tone generators with keys that would adjust the pitch of the tone generators. The first digital synthesizers were academic experiments in sound synthesis using digital computers.

A brief discussion on electronic sound synthesizer

The word synthesis means to produce by combining separate elements. Thus, synthesized sound is sound that a musician builds from component elements. A synthesized sound may resemble a traditional acoustic musical timbre, or it may be completely novel and original. This characteristic is common to all synthesized music. Electronically-generated music has not only generated its own totally separate field of music, but several sub-genres. An electronic music synthesizer is capable of creating sounds that are quite unlike any other instrument known to mankind. Creating and using electronic synthesizers and related sound equipment involves considerable aspects of electrical engineering, physics, and math. Using synthesizers to create music is a field where all of these seemingly disparate branches of knowledge come together to produce what is quite possibly the most elegant fusion of art and science currently known to humanity.

Important features of Electronic sound synthesizer

Some of the most important features which are responsible for creating heavenly music from an electronic sound synthesizer are Oscillators, Filters, Envelope, Amplifier and Equalizer.

Oscillators – An oscillator is simply a circuit that generates a repeating electrical wave, like a sine wave, square wave, or saw tooth wave. The oscillator is sometimes called a VCO. An oscillator on a synthesizer usually allows varying the pitch, volume, and shape of the wave to make the tone sound different.

Filters – A filter is a processing element that does something with a sound, usually eliminating part of a sound. The filter on a synthesizer is sometimes called a VCF. It might eliminate sounds of a certain pitch or volume while allowing other sounds to pass through.

Envelope – The envelope generator is most commonly used to control the amplitude or volume of the sound, by routing it to the control input of the VCA. It is even used to control the timbre of the sound, by routing it to the control input of the VCF.

Amplifier – The amplifier can raise, or lower the height of the waveform, thereby raising or lowering the volume of the sound. To control the volume of a sound in the synthesizer, the signal is passed through an amplifier circuit.

Equalizer – An equalizer is a tool which allows you to selectively amplify or attenuate certain frequency ranges of sound.



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A music synthesizer makes sounds by using an electrical circuit as an oscillator to create and vary the frequency of sounds in order to produce different pitches. As long as the pitch is within the range of frequency that can be heard by a human ear, it’s known as a “musical pitch” (so a dog whistle wouldn’t count) as a musical pitch. You can use a keyboard to vary these pitches at discrete intervals that correspond to the notes on the musical scale. If you put several oscillators together, you can combine several pitches to create a “chord”.

OK, we’ve got pitch down (at least in a very simple sense). How do you vary the tone of a particular pitch? That is done by playing a given pitch with waveforms of different shapes (common waveforms include sine, square, sawtooth, and triangle waveforms). Since the harmonic structure of these waveforms differ, our ears interpret them as different tones. The sound you will hear can also be modified by voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCA) and voltage-controlled filters (VCF).

Synthesizers are able to only mimic the sounds of non-synthetic instruments, but also to create sounds that absolutely cannot be played by anything but a music synthesizer. That is because a music synthesizer is well-suited to delicate manipulations of its oscillators. Nevertheless, it’s a lot easier for a synthesizer to create entirely new sounds than to mimic the sounds of acoustic instruments because the waveforms of acoustic instruments are so complex. Interestingly, once complex sound that synthesizers so far have been very bad at reproducing is the human voice (although improvements are being made in this technology).

The entire electronic music scene would be virtually impossible without the use of synthesizers (no doubt some wish it were). Nevertheless, the number of sounds that a musician has to work with has been exponentially increasing in recent decades, and we have only scratched the surface of the creative possibilities. Imagine the consequences if a machine was invented that could generate 100,000 hitherto unknown colors?



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A programmable music synthesizer has a keyboard which also generates an expression signal representing the pressure on the keyboard and utilizes the change in an infrared path length for producing this expression signal.

Synthesizers work by manipulating electrical signals which appear as sound when they are used to drive audio amplifiers. These tones are generated by electrical circuits which may work by manipulating a signal through a series of oscillators and filters in an analog circuits in analog synthesizers. They may also perform mathematical manipulation of signals using a microprocessor and digital signal processing in digital synthesizers, or by a combination of both methods.

Synthesized sounds may sound dramatically different than recordings of natural sounds, though sampling synthesizers significantly blur this distinction.

Sound basics

All sounds are comprised of some combination of pure sine waves. Generally, a single sound will include a fundamental frequency, and any number of overtones. The frequencies of these overtones are either integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, or integer fractions thereof subharmonics.

When natural tonal instruments sounds are analyzed in the frequency domain, the spectra of their sounds will exhibit amplitude spikes at each of the fundamental tone harmonics. Some harmonics may have higher amplitudes than others. The specific set of harmonic versus amplitude pairs is known as a sound’s harmonic content.

Well known Brands of Programmable synthesizers

A vast range of programmable synthesizers are available in the market. All the famous brands have come out with their latest synthesizers. In this article we will be discussing three of the most famous and widely used programmable synthesizers.

S08 Programmable Synthesizer from Yamaha – The S08 features an 88-key balanced hammer design with Initial Touch, plus full 64-note polyphony. With its sleek, lightweight portable design, palette of high quality sounds and advanced storage features, the S08 makes an ideal primary or additional instrument for the songwriter, arranger, live performance musician, studio musician, and amateur alike.

Users can create their own sounds and store them in any of 128 user-voice memory locations. Onboard effects include chorus, reverb and variations. Panel switches, a large LCD display and controllers that include pitch bend, a mod wheel and a numeric keypad, provide full control and quick access to all functions.

Roland XP-30 – The XP30 uses sound sets from the popular JV-1080 and JV-2080 modules, plus tons of sound patches from the Session, Orchestral, and Techno Collection expansion boards. Having two slots for SRJV 80 expansion boards, the XP-30 has 61 velocity sensitive keys with after touch.

It also has built-in reverb, chorus, and set of forty effects, four onboard sliders for real time control and editing and patch finder and phrase preview functions.

Korg RADIAS – The Korg RADIAS keyboard is a 49-key, 24-voice polyphonic programmable modeling synthesizer and 16-band vocoder instrument, based on the proprietary MMT modeling technology sound engine. The synthesizer offers a variety of synthesis algorithms together with multiple effects, advanced comb filter and wave shaping features, modulation sequencing, and formant-motion vocoding.

The RADIAS offers an innovative, custom-configurable design with a control module that can be used independently or teamed with the unique dedicated keyboard, creating an integrated performance instrument offering classic, current and futuristic sounds accessible from a familiar, old-school, knobs-and-buttons programming interface.

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